2019BookofCases

Milestone – An item on the master schedule that defines the end or beginning of a phase or a contractually required event. Muda – This is the Japanese word for "Non-Value-Adding" or “Waste”, namely any activity that consumes resources but adds no value. They are a target for reduction or elimination. All Muda is caused by Mura and/or Muri. Mura – This is the Japanese word for "Unevenness", namely any act ivi ty that has not been level led out creat ing consequential complexity and cost. They are a target for reduction or elimination. Muri – This is the Japanese word for "Overburdening", namely any activity that causes excessive demand on a system that causes the system to produce beyond its reasonable capacity. Pushing a machine or person beyond natural limits. Overburdening people results in stress, safety, and quality problems. Overburdening equipment causes breakdowns and defects. They are a target for reduction or elimination. Necessary Non-Value-Adding (NNVA) – Those support activities that are necessary under the present operating system or equipment, but which do not per se add value. One should seek to optimise these. Network of Commitments – The web of promises necessary to deliver any project. The role of management is to articulate and activate the unique network of commitments required to deliver each project. Non-Value-Adding (NVA) – Those activities/processes that do not directly add/contribute value to customers – namely those activities the customer would not be happy to pay for. One should seek to reduce and/or remove these. Optimal Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) – This is a hierarchy of metr ics to evaluate how ef fect ively a manufacturing operation is utilised with results stated in a gener ic form which al lows compar i son between manufacturing units in differing industries. It is not an absolute measure and is best used to identify scope for process performance improvement. It is a composite measure of the ability of a machine or process to carry out value adding activity. OEE = % time machine available * % of maximum output achieved * % perfect output. It measures the degree to which machines are adding value by not being wastefully employed due to planned or unplanned downtime or in producing defects. Pareto Analysis – Sometimes referred to as the “80:20 rule”, this is the tendency in many business situations for a small number of factors to account for a large proportion of events. For example, 80% of total sales volume might be attributable to 20% of customers and 20% of the product range. In terms of quality, 80% of defects might be attributable to 20% of causes. The 20% is sometimes referred to as “the vital few”. PDCA – Plan, Do, Check, Act/Adjust. This is the cycle introduced by Walter A. Shewhart and popularised by Dr W. E. Deming as a method for continuous improvement. Percent Plan Complete (PPC) – A basic measure of how well the planning system is working – calculated as the number of promises/activities completed on the day stated divided by the total number of promi ses/act ivi t ies made/planned for the week. It measures the percentage of assignments that are 100% complete as planned. Performer – The individual engaged in a conversation for action who agrees to undertake performance either requested from or offered to a customer. P hase – A period of the project where a specific group of activities is scheduled to be accomplished such as building design, completion of foundations, erection of exterior walls, building dry-in. A phase can be either a time period or a group of activities leading to the accomplishment of a defined goal/milestone. Phase Plan – A plan for executing a specific phase of a project using a pull technique to determine hand-offs. It is prepared by the team actually responsible for doing the work through conversat ion. Work i s planned at the request/demand of a downstream customer. Plan Reliability – The extent to which a plan is an accurate forecast of future events, it is measured by PPC. Planning – The act of conversation that leads to well- coordinated action. Plus/Delta Review – A continuous improvement discussion preformed at the end of a meeting, project or event used to evaluate the session or activity. Two questions are asked and discussed. Plus: What produced value during the session? Delta: What could we change to improve the process or outcome? Poka-Yoke – A Japanese term for mistake-proofing method or device developed by Shigeo Shingo that is used to prevent an error or defect from happening or being passed on to the next operation. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – This is the equipment worn to minimise exposure to serious workplace injuries and illnesses. Process Mapping – A flowchart identifying all the activities, operations, steps and work times for a process. Promise – The action taken by a performer to commit to a customer to take some action to produce a mutual ly understood result, for example CoS, by a definite time in the future. Pull – A method of advancing work when the next-in-line customer is ready to use it. A request/demand from the customer signals that the work is needed and it is pulled from the performer. Pull releases work when the system is ready to use it. Push – Push an order from a central authority based on a schedule; advancing work based on central schedule. Releasing materials, information, or directives possibly according to a plan but irrespective of whether or not the downstream process is ready to process them. Quality – Conformance to a customer’s valid and agreed upon CoS. Quality Assignment – Assignment that meets quality criteria 86 L EAN C ONSTRUCTION I RELAND A NNUAL B OOK OF C ASES 2019